This week saw the blogosphere explode over how bad the air in Beijing has become. Now, in fairness, the air in Beijing specifically (and China generally) has been awful for a long time. If you grew up somewhere with high humidity you can appreciate that at certain times of year you feel as if the air has weight; well, in China, at certain times of year you can both feel and taste the air, and it isn’t a good taste. What appears to be happening, as has been written about extensively by others, is a unique alignment of many factors: particularly bad dust storms from outside Beijing, unfettered construction buildings throwing concrete dust into the air, factories spewing air–born contaminants, seasonal trash burning outside the city, people and utility providers firing up their coal-burning systems to heat themselves during winter, etc., etc., etc. You get the points week saw the blogosphere explode over how bad the air in Beijing has become. …
Health
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What makes China compelling? Sure, it’s a huge and largely untapped market. But what I’ve always found most compelling about China is its potential to leapfrog the status quo and create something new, to unwittingly break paradigms if for no other reason than not knowing how it approaches a problem isn’t the conventional way to solve the problem. As just two examples, look at China’s telecommunications and electrical distribution and control infrastructures. Both have their flaws (the latter in particular as any factory owner in Shenzhen will be happy to tell you), but each illustrates how China can take the way something is currently done and spin it on its head. Telecomm is a great example of this: China never bothered to build the hardline infrastructure which America and Europe both have. Rather, China made massive investments in its mobile infrastructure, a difference between our two countries’ respective technology capabilities that Tom Friedman recently poked fun at. Let me suggest that one other example where China is going to break old (and create new) paradigms is in healthcare. Specifically, in the role, home healthcare could play addressing China’s expansive problems with healthcare access and inequality to what little services do exist. Lua’s recent blog post on the JP Morgan “Hands-On China” report covering China’s investment in healthcare has left my mind churning. The numbers from the report are staggering: 29,000 township hospitals, upgrades to another 5,000. Even if these investments happen as planned, and even if they are managed successfully (keeping in mind China’s track record of building versus managing new infrastructure needs to be kept on two distinctly different tracks), the question remains whether all this new capacity will actually help? Or, to say it another way, if China chooses to simply replicate the model for healthcare delivery that has worked in western developed economies, is it missing the transformative opportunity to dismantle the hospital–centric model for delivering healthcare? Let me be more specific: one of the most powerful trends in American healthcare is the de–emphasis on the role of the hospital as the centralized location for patient treatment and the emphasis on decentralized home healthcare. The CDC’s most recent report on the topic showed that in 2007 1.5 million people were treated at home in the United States with an average treatment period of 315 days. An Ohio State study on the question pegs a much higher number, suggesting that over 12 million people in the United States will be under some sort of home healthcare in a given year. Several trends have facilitated the expansion of home healthcare in the American market: financial rationalization has created visibility on the enormous savings made possible by getting patients out of the hospital back into their home, technology has empowered home delivery of nursing and – in particularly advanced organizations – doctor care, and business model changes (doctors going from being independent businesses to employees) has enabled centralized healthcare providers to disrupt the model of delivery for healthcare even in the entrenched and traditionally hierarchical American market. If this has worked in the United States, then let me suggest it might work even more so in China. Again, even if China builds the before–mentioned 29,000 township hospitals, guess what; it still won’t be enough. Massive inequalities in terms of access to hospital care will still exist. The more interesting question is whether China can embrace (or get out of the way of entrepreneurs who can facilitate) entirely new models of healthcare delivery. The technologies and service models that would best facilitate these new models would be those that could be most easily adopted in China.
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Bloomberg’s recent BusinessWeek article on the looming eldercare crisis in China reinforces many of the points industry watchers already know: the demographic need is immense and the list of interested people who want to get into the market grows longer every day. Established eldercare operators of almost every stripe and flavor from around the developed world are eager to find a model that will work in China. Many pivotal questions need to be answered about what the right model for China is, not least of which is the role retirement communities versus in–home care will play in meeting the country’s needs. While in–home care is in many ways complementary to formal retirement community living and care–giving, in–home care may also ultimately be a more flexible and cost–effective mechanism for addressing the overwhelming number of Chinese people who need care, many of whom may never have access to the financial critical mass necessary to move into caregiving facilities. Equally of interest, the infrastructure necessary to successfully conceptualize, train and implement in–home eldercare may very well lay the groundwork for the same sort of home healthcare business model which is still evolving in the United States but has application to the general populace, to gather steam in China. One of the world’s leading in–home eldercare providers in Omaha, Nebraska based Right at Home. Blake Martin, their Vice President of International Operations, very generously set aside an hour to speak with me last week about his company’s experience in China. The services Right at Home provides include safety supervision, companionship, bathing, and hygiene care, meal preparation, and housekeeping from a few hours a day to 24 hours a day. Right at Home has international franchises in the United Kingdom, Brazil, and now China as well; but, as Blake acknowledged, China has presented them with some unique challenges that are being addressed as they continue expanding in the country. At the simplest of levels, part of what Right at Home faces is what almost any business in pursuit of the Chinese market for any product quickly comes to terms with: the size of the country makes your marketing team’s mouth water, but getting focused and picking the right strategy is a real operational challenge. As Blake put it, “The sheer numbers, the lack of available facility-based care or any sort of residential care simply isn’t there, and the need is on a much greater scale than what we have seen in other developed nations.” Despite all the differences, it helps Blake to see that there are actually many similarities between what motivates a North American family or independent senior to choose in–home care and what motivates a Chinese family when they make similar choices. According to Blake, just like in the United States, “people want to stay in an environment they are familiar with. They are going to face not only significant emotional strain but also physiological stress from a movie like this. For them, the convenience and familiarity of being at home is a strong motivator.” Blake was quick to point out that in–home care is in many ways complementary both to facility–based solutions, and also to families who may not have the financial bandwidth to either pay for relocating their parents to a stand–alone community, or for full–time in–home care. As Blake put it, “many Chinese are living with or close to someone who is providing care. The services that a home care agency like ours provides are simply supplements to what the family or their loved ones are capable of providing. We are a respite. The family is the primary caregiver, we simply provide a break and relief.” This remains one of, if not the most important, factors in determining which solution proves more adaptable in the Chinese market: dedicated communities versus in–home care. Both may well prove to be successful but in terms of the ability to broaden beyond the high–wealth niche existing planned community developers are targeting with their initial expansions, into the middle and even lower-middle-class Chinese families who need help but cannot afford a retirement home, in–home care like what Right at Home is offering may prove to be the more economical solution. If so, in–home care could well find itself on a growth curve independent of, and asymmetrical to, the growth of residential eldercare communities.
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A recent article in the International Journal of Urology caught my attention. Titled “Managing the Aging Man in Asia: a Review”, it emphasized the growing need for properly designed healthcare strategies reflecting the needs of Asia’s aging male population. As the article notes, “The majority of the world’s aging population is in Asia and this will continue in the future.” This is obviously one of the many reasons I am very bullish on the investment and business opportunity for senior healthcare in Asia; China specifically, but more broadly across the APAC region as well. The article makes the latter point forcefully when the authors write, “the rate of aging in Asia countries (of which the majority are developing nations) is much faster than developed nations. An increase of more than 250% in the number of people older than 65 years old is expected in many Asia countries, such as Singapore, India, Malaysia, Bangladesh, and the Philippines.” It was a temptation while reading the article to think that the issues in Asia will be no different than those faced in the developed West, at least in terms of the types of disease and the stereotypical male reluctance to get healthcare; however, What the article makes clear is that the needs of Asia’s “aging man” are going to be unique. ” These high smoking rates mean that absent large social programs designed to discourage smoking, head, neck, and lung cancers are likely to be common across Asia’s male population. The authors also note that diabetes “has been increasing throughout Asia and the speed of increase is much faster than it is in Western countries.” As Lua has written about here, the changing diet of Chinese, in particular, is setting in motion a number of ailments, diabetes most commonly. In this article, the authors note, “The westernization of Asia dietary intake as well as the sedentary lifestyle associated with a more developed world is a contributing factor.” Beyond cancer and diabetes, the authors note that male–specific disorders like erectile dysfunction are becoming more of a problem in Asia, as evidenced by studies of hypogonadism, diminished fertility rates, and lower urinary tract problems. The diagnostic and procedural techniques for treating many of these maladies are well known, but what the authors focus on is what they call “mean’s health care utilization and health–seeking behavior.” Here, they note that the traditional male stereotype in Asian cultures looks down on men that cannot bear their disease with stoicism. This inevitably leads to higher costs later on when preventative care could have pre–emptively dealt with a problem. It is the design and delivery of healthcare services for men’s needs – not only physical but cultural – that is where the most attention is needed, as the authors well know. They suggest that health care must be “tailored to men’s needs.” As they see it, this means getting men to view healthcare as a partnership with their doctor, ensuring privacy, making it easy to discuss private matters especially, and organizing community–level programs that engage men in a context they are comfortable responding to. How this is done in the various countries this article’s data covers is going to be very difficult, but will be essential if Asia’s aging man is to receive the care he needs.
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